'Shakespeare's lost play' no hoax, says expert

New evidence that Double Falsehood was, as 18th-century playwright Lewis Theobald claimed, based on Bard's CardenioNew evidence that Double Falsehood was, as 18th-century playwright Lewis Theobald claimed, based on Bard's Cardenio
It has thrills, spills, sword fights, violent sexual assault and – to modern ears – a terrible ending, but the little-known 18th century play Double Falsehood was propelled into the literary limelight today when it was claimed as a lost Shakespeare.
Professor Brean Hammond of Nottingham University will publish compelling new evidence next week that the play, a romantic tragi-comedy by Lewis Theobald is – as the author always maintained it was – substantially based on a real Shakespeare play called Cardenio.
Hammond has been backed in his assertion by the Shakespeare publisher Arden and there are unconfirmed rumours that the play will open at the Royal Shakespeare Company's Swan Theatre in Stratford when the venue reopens after its three-year closure.
The claim represents 10 years of literary detective work by Hammond. "I don't think you can ever be absolutely 100% but, yes, I am convinced that it is Shakespeare," he said. "It's fair to say it's been something of an obsession. You need to ask my wife but a fair few of my waking hours have been devoted to this subject."
Theobald's Double Falsehood, or The Distrest Lovers was first performed in 1727 at the Drury Lane theatre in London, along with the remarkable claim that it was based on Shakespeare's "lost play" Cardenio, which was first performed in 1613. Theobald claimed to have three original texts of Cardenio.
Double Falsehood went down well with audiences, but it was badly received by expert observers who dismissed Theobald as a hoaxer. Alexander Pope, in particular, was scornful but the two were committed enemies. "Theobald was the author of a volume in 1726 called Shakespeare Restored which was a hatchet job on Pope's editing of Hamlet," said Hammond. "In that volume Theobald made it pretty clear that he considered himself superior to Pope."
The denunciation became accepted as fact: Theobald was little more than a hoaxer, albeit an audacious one. The play then went largely to ground apart from a performance in 1846 when – after the audience shouted "author? author?" – a plaster bust of Shakespeare was brought out. It was laughed off stage.
The play reads like Shakespeare, but reworked Shakespeare. Hammond called Double Falsehood a "flawed play", adding: "This version of the Shakespeare play has been doctored. Theobald cut out material that he didn't think appropriate, but this was quite common. Shakespeare was very frequently rewritten in the 17th and 18th centuries."
The play is much shorter and more bitty than a normal Shakespeare play and there are no long speeches. But there is plenty of action that centres on two men and two women, including an aristocratic villain called Henriquez who ravishes the virtuous young girl Violante. By the end he has repented and is strikingly forgiven by all.
The Arden Shakespeare's general editor, Richard Proudfoot, said the play was being made accessible for the first time in 250 years. "I think Brean Hammond's detective work has been superb. He is quite open to the obvious fact that there is an element of speculation, but both of us believe that the balance of doubt lies in favour of its claim being authentic rather than a total fabrication."
Over the years some 77 plays have been attributed in whole or in part to Shakespeare, about half of them wrongly. There are also plenty of theories and books published claiming Shakespeare's plays were written by Edward de Vere, Sir Francis Bacon or Christopher Marlowe.
Act 2, scene 1 of Double Falsehood
Lopez [to Fabian]: Soft, soft you, neighbour; who comes here? Pray you, slink aside. [They withdraw.]
Henriquez: Ha! Is it come to this? O the devil, the devil, the devil!
Fabian [to Lopez]: Lo you now, for want of the discreet ladle of a cool understanding will this fellow's brains boil over!
Henriquez: To have enjoy'd her, I would have given – what?
All that at present I could boast my own,
And the reversion of the world to boot
Had the inheritance been mine. And now –
Just doom of guilty joys! – I grieve as much
That I have rifled all the stores of beauty,
Those charms of innocence and artless love,
As just before I was devour'd with sorrow,
That she refus'd my vows and shut the door
Upon my ardent longings.It has thrills, spills, sword fights, violent sexual assault and – to modern ears – a terrible ending, but the little-known 18th century play Double Falsehood was propelled into the literary limelight today when it was claimed as a lost Shakespeare.
Professor Brean Hammond of Nottingham University will publish compelling new evidence next week that the play, a romantic tragi-comedy by Lewis Theobald is – as the author always maintained it was – substantially based on a real Shakespeare play called Cardenio.
Hammond has been backed in his assertion by the Shakespeare publisher Arden and there are unconfirmed rumours that the play will open at the Royal Shakespeare Company's Swan Theatre in Stratford when the venue reopens after its three-year closure.
The claim represents 10 years of literary detective work by Hammond. "I don't think you can ever be absolutely 100% but, yes, I am convinced that it is Shakespeare," he said. "It's fair to say it's been something of an obsession. You need to ask my wife but a fair few of my waking hours have been devoted to this subject."
Theobald's Double Falsehood, or The Distrest Lovers was first performed in 1727 at the Drury Lane theatre in London, along with the remarkable claim that it was based on Shakespeare's "lost play" Cardenio, which was first performed in 1613. Theobald claimed to have three original texts of Cardenio.
Double Falsehood went down well with audiences, but it was badly received by expert observers who dismissed Theobald as a hoaxer. Alexander Pope, in particular, was scornful but the two were committed enemies. "Theobald was the author of a volume in 1726 called Shakespeare Restored which was a hatchet job on Pope's editing of Hamlet," said Hammond. "In that volume Theobald made it pretty clear that he considered himself superior to Pope."
The denunciation became accepted as fact: Theobald was little more than a hoaxer, albeit an audacious one. The play then went largely to ground apart from a performance in 1846 when – after the audience shouted "author? author?" – a plaster bust of Shakespeare was brought out. It was laughed off stage.
The play reads like Shakespeare, but reworked Shakespeare. Hammond called Double Falsehood a "flawed play", adding: "This version of the Shakespeare play has been doctored. Theobald cut out material that he didn't think appropriate, but this was quite common. Shakespeare was very frequently rewritten in the 17th and 18th centuries."
The play is much shorter and more bitty than a normal Shakespeare play and there are no long speeches. But there is plenty of action that centres on two men and two women, including an aristocratic villain called Henriquez who ravishes the virtuous young girl Violante. By the end he has repented and is strikingly forgiven by all.
The Arden Shakespeare's general editor, Richard Proudfoot, said the play was being made accessible for the first time in 250 years. "I think Brean Hammond's detective work has been superb. He is quite open to the obvious fact that there is an element of speculation, but both of us believe that the balance of doubt lies in favour of its claim being authentic rather than a total fabrication."
Over the years some 77 plays have been attributed in whole or in part to Shakespeare, about half of them wrongly. There are also plenty of theories and books published claiming Shakespeare's plays were written by Edward de Vere, Sir Francis Bacon or Christopher Marlowe.
Act 2, scene 1 of Double Falsehood
Lopez [to Fabian]: Soft, soft you, neighbour; who comes here? Pray you, slink aside. [They withdraw.]
Henriquez: Ha! Is it come to this? O the devil, the devil, the devil!
Fabian [to Lopez]: Lo you now, for want of the discreet ladle of a cool understanding will this fellow's brains boil over!
Henriquez: To have enjoy'd her, I would have given – what?
All that at present I could boast my own,
And the reversion of the world to boot
Had the inheritance been mine. And now –
Just doom of guilty joys! – I grieve as much
That I have rifled all the stores of beauty,
Those charms of innocence and artless love,
As just before I was devour'd with sorrow,
That she refus'd my vows and shut the door
Upon my ardent longings.

Shakespeare's plays, listed by genre

List plays alphabetically by date by total lines
COMEDIES
All's Well That Ends WellAs You Like ItComedy of ErrorsLove's Labour's LostMeasure for MeasureMerchant of VeniceMerry Wives of WindsorMidsummer Night's DreamMuch Ado about NothingTaming of the ShrewTempestTwelfth NightTwo Gentlemen of VeronaWinter's Tale
HISTORIES
CymbelineHenry IV, Part IHenry IV, Part IIHenry VHenry VI, Part IHenry VI, Part IIHenry VI, Part IIIHenry VIIIKing JohnPericlesRichard IIRichard III
TRAGEDIES
Antony and CleopatraCoriolanusHamletJulius CaesarKing LearMacbethOthelloRomeo and JulietTimon of AthensTitus AndronicusTroilus and Cressida
See a list of all the characters

Scholar Says 'Lost' Shakespeare Play Is No Hoax

In 1727, Lewis Theobald staged a performance of Double Falsehood, a play he claimed was a "lost" work by William Shakespeare. At the time — more than 100 years after Shakespeare's death — critics dismissed the play as a fake, and it was quickly forgotten.
It was forgotten, that is, until this week — when Shakespeare publisher Arden Shakespeare once again put the play back into print. The publisher did so based on the evidence and research of literature professor Brean Hammond of the University of Nottingham in England.
The play is a story of love and betrayal, a dark comedy in which one man wants to steal his best friend's fiancee. Its alternate title is The Distrest Lovers.
Hammond told NPR's Renee Montagne that he has linked the play to another that Shakespeare helped to write around 1613. "Shakespeare is known to have collaborated with John Fletcher in writing a play called The History of Cardenio, or some variant of that title," he said.
The play was performed but disappeared from the record. Hammond believes that Theobald's Double Falsehood was a "heavy revision" of the play, with a new title.
Asked to recite a bit of the play, Hammond offered lines written for the character Julio — the lover who is in his best friend's sights — who says as he prepares to meet his betrothed:
I do not see that fervour in the maid,Which youth and love should kindle. She consents,As t'were to feed without an appetite.Tells me, she is content, and plays the coy oneLike those that subtly make their words their ward,Keeping address at distance.
In the manuscript, those lines continue:
...This affectionIs such a feign'd one as will break untouch'd;Die frosty ere it can be thaw'd; while mine,Like to a clime beneath Hyperion's eye,Burns with one constant heat. I'll straight go to her,Pray her to regard my honour — But she greets me —
"That might be the kind of speech that I think has the genuine Shakespearean depth to it," Hammond said.
The play is available from the publisher's Web site. And Hammond says he would enjoy seeing it performed on stage.
"It's a rattling good yarn," he said.
Related NPR Stories
All-Nighter With The Bard Gives Students The 'Shakes' March 6, 2010
'Romeo And Juliet': Just As You Misremembered It Dec. 29, 2009
Fingering Shakespeare's First Drafts Nov. 28, 2009
In 1727, Lewis Theobald staged a performance of Double Falsehood, a play he claimed was a "lost" work by William Shakespeare. At the time — more than 100 years after Shakespeare's death — critics dismissed the play as a fake, and it was quickly forgotten.
It was forgotten, that is, until this week — when Shakespeare publisher Arden Shakespeare once again put the play back into print. The publisher did so based on the evidence and research of literature professor Brean Hammond of the University of Nottingham in England.
The play is a story of love and betrayal, a dark comedy in which one man wants to steal his best friend's fiancee. Its alternate title is The Distrest Lovers.
Hammond told NPR's Renee Montagne that he has linked the play to another that Shakespeare helped to write around 1613. "Shakespeare is known to have collaborated with John Fletcher in writing a play called The History of Cardenio, or some variant of that title," he said.
The play was performed but disappeared from the record. Hammond believes that Theobald's Double Falsehood was a "heavy revision" of the play, with a new title.
Asked to recite a bit of the play, Hammond offered lines written for the character Julio — the lover who is in his best friend's sights — who says as he prepares to meet his betrothed:
I do not see that fervour in the maid,Which youth and love should kindle. She consents,As t'were to feed without an appetite.Tells me, she is content, and plays the coy oneLike those that subtly make their words their ward,Keeping address at distance.
In the manuscript, those lines continue:
...This affectionIs such a feign'd one as will break untouch'd;Die frosty ere it can be thaw'd; while mine,Like to a clime beneath Hyperion's eye,Burns with one constant heat. I'll straight go to her,Pray her to regard my honour — But she greets me —
"That might be the kind of speech that I think has the genuine Shakespearean depth to it," Hammond said.
The play is available from the publisher's Web site. And Hammond says he would enjoy seeing it performed on stage.
"It's a rattling good yarn," he said.
Related NPR Stories
All-Nighter With The Bard Gives Students The 'Shakes' March 6, 2010
'Romeo And Juliet': Just As You Misremembered It Dec. 29, 2009
Fingering Shakespeare's First Drafts Nov. 28, 2009

Prose Works Walt Whitman

The Good Gray Poet also contributed to the greatest prose of American letters with his war diaries, Prefaces and Democratic Vistas in this complete Prose Works, the companion volume to Bartleby.com’s

CONTENTS
Bibliographic Record
PHILADELPHIA: DAVID MCKAY, 1892 NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2000

I. Specimen Days
A Happy Hour’s Command
Answer to an Insisting Friend
Genealogy—Van Velsor and Whitman
The Old Whitman and Van Velsor Cemeteries
The Maternal Homestead
Two Old Family Interiors
Paumanok, and My Life on It as Child and Young Man
My First Reading—Lafayette
Printing Office—Old Brooklyn
Growth—Health—Work
My Passion for Ferries
Broadway Sights
Omnibus Jaunts and Drivers
Plays and Operas Too
Through Eight Years
Sources of Character—Results—1860
Opening of the Secession War
National Uprising and Volunteering
Contemptuous Feeling
Battle of Bull Run, July, 1861
The Stupor Passes—Something Else Begins
Down at the Front
After First Fredericksburg
Back to Washington
Fifty Hours Left Wounded on the Field
Hospital Scenes and Persons
Patent-Office Hospital
The White House by Moonlight
An Army Hospital Ward
A Connecticut Case
Two Brooklyn Boys
A Secesh Brave
The Wounded from Chancellorsville
A Night Battle, over a Week Since
Unnamed Remains the Bravest Soldier
Some Specimen Cases
My Preparations for Visits
Ambulance Processions
Bad Wounds—The Young
The Most Inspiriting of All War’s Shows
Battle of Gettysburg
A Cavalry Camp
A New York Soldier
Home-Made Music
Abraham Lincoln
Heated Term
Soldiers and Talks
Death of a Wisconsin Officer
Hospitals Ensemble
A Silent Night Ramble
Spiritual Characters among the Soldiers
Cattle Droves about Washington
Hospital Perplexity
Down at the Front
Paying the Bounties
Rumors, Changes, &c.
Virginia
Summer of 1864
A New Army Organization Fit for America
Death of a Hero
Hospital Scenes—Incidents
A Yankee Soldier
Union Prisoners South
Deserters
A Glimpse of War’s Hell Scenes
Gifts—Money—Discrimination
Items from My Note Books
A Case from Second Bull Run
Army Surgeons—Aid Deficiencies
The Blue Everywhere
A Model Hospital
Boys in the Army
Burial of a Lady Nurse
Female Nurses for Soldiers
Southern Escapees
The Capitol by Gas-Light
The Inauguration
Attitude of Foreign Governments During the War
The Weather—Does It Sympathize with These Times?
Inauguration Ball
Scene at the Capitol
A Yankee Antique
Wounds and Diseases
Death of President Lincoln
Sherman’s Army’s Jubilation—Its Sudden Stoppage
No Good Portrait of Lincoln
Releas’d Union Prisoners from South
Death of a Pennsylvania Soldier
The Armies Returning
The Grand Review
Western Soldiers
A Soldier on Lincoln
Two Brothers, One South, One North
Some Sad Cases Yet
Calhoun’s Real Monument
Hospitals Closing
Typical Soldiers
“Convulsiveness”
Three Years Summ’d Up
The Million Dead, Too, Summ’d Up
The Real War Will Never Get in the Books
An Interregnum Paragraph
New Themes Entered Upon
Entering a Long Farm-Lane
To the Spring and Brook
An Early Summer Reveille
Birds Migrating at Midnight
Bumble-Bees
Cedar-Apples
Summer Sights and Indolencies
Sundown Perfume—Quail-Notes—The Hermit-Thrush
A July Afternoon by the Pond
Locusts and Katydids
The Lesson of a Tree
Autumn Side-Bits
The Sky—Days and Nights—Happiness
Colors—A Contrast
November 8, ’76
Crows and Crows
A Winter Day on the Sea-Beach
Sea-Shore Fancies
In Memory of Thomas Paine
A Two Hours’ Ice-Sail
Spring Overtures—Recreations
One of the Human Kinks
An Afternoon Scene
The Gates Opening
The Common Earth, the Soil
Birds and Birds and Birds
Full-Starr’d Nights
Mulleins and Mulleins
Distant Sounds
A Sun-Bath—Nakedness
The Oaks and I
A Quintette
The First Frost—Mems
Three Young Men’s Deaths
February Days
A Meadow Lark
Sundown Lights
Thoughts Under an Oak—A Dream
Clover and Hay Perfume
An Unknown
Bird-Whistling
Horse-Mint
Three of Us
Death of William Cullen Bryant
Jaunt up the Hudson
Happiness and Raspberries
A Specimen Tramp Family
Manhattan from the Bay
Human and Heroic New York
Hours for the Soul
Straw-Color’d and Other Psyches
A Night Remembrance
Wild Flowers
A Civility Too Long Neglected
Delaware River—Days and Nights
Scenes on Ferry and River—Last Winter’s Nights
The First Spring Day on Chestnut Street
Up the Hudson to Ulster County
Days at J. B.’s—Turf-Fires—Spring Songs
Meeting a Hermit
An Ulster County Waterfall
Walter Dumont and His Medal
Hudson River Sights
Two City Areas, Certain Hours
Central Park Walks and Talks
A Fine Afternoon, 4 to 6
Departing of the Big Steamers
Two Hours on the Minnesota
Mature Summer Days and Nights
Exposition Building—New City Hall—River Trip
Swallows on the River
Begin a Long Jaunt West
In the Sleeper
Missouri State
Lawrence and Topeka, Kansas
The Prairies
On to Denver—A Frontier Incident
An Hour on Kenosha Summit
An Egotistical “Find”
New Senses—New Joys
Steam-Power, Telegraphs, &c.
America’s Back-Bone
The Parks
Art Features
Denver Impressions
I Turn South—And Then East Again
Unfulfill’d Wants—The Arkansas River
A Silent Little Follower—The Coreopsis
The Prairies and Great Plains in Poetry
The Spanish Peaks—Evening on the Plains
America’s Characteristic Landscape
Earth’s Most Important Stream
Prairie Analogies—The Tree Question
Mississippi Valley Literature
An Interviewer’s Item
The Women of the West
The Silent General
President Hayes’s Speeches
St. Louis Memoranda
Nights on the Mississippi
Upon Our Own Land
Edgar Poe’s Significance
Beethoven’s Septette
A Hint of Wild Nature
Loafing in the Woods
A Contralto Voice
Seeing Niagara to Advantage
Jaunting to Canada
Sunday with the Insane
Reminiscence of Elias Hicks
Grand Native Growth
A Zollverein Between the U. S. and Canada
The St. Lawrence Line
The Savage Saguenay
Capes Eternity and Trinity
Chicoutimi and Ha-Ha Bay
The Inhabitants—Good Living
Cedar-Plums Like—Names
Death of Thomas Carlyle
Carlyle from American Points of View
A Couple of Old Friends—A Coleridge Bit
A Week’s Visit to Boston
The Boston of To-Day
My Tribute to Four Poets
Millet’s Pictures—Last Items
Birds—And a Caution
Samples of My Common-Place Book
My Native Sand and Salt Once More
Hot Weather New York
“Custer’s Last Rally”
Some Old Acquaintances—Memories
A Discovery of Old Age
A Visit, at the Last, to R. W. Emerson
Other Concord Notations
Boston Common—More of Emerson
An Ossianic Night—Dearest Friends
Only a New Ferry Boat
Death of Longfellow
Starting Newspapers
The Great Unrest of Which We Are Part
By Emerson’s Grave
At Present Writing—Personal
After Trying a Certain Book
Final Confessions—Literary Tests
Nature and Democracy—Morality

II. Collect
One or Two Index Items
Democratic Vistas: Paras. 1–29
Democratic Vistas: Paras. 30–59
Democratic Vistas: Paras. 60–89
Democratic Vistas: Paras. 90–119
Democratic Vistas: Paras. 120–132
Origins of Attempted Secession
Preface, 1855, to First Issue of “Leaves of Grass,” Brooklyn, N.Y.
Preface, 1872, To “As a Strong Bird on Pinions Free”
Preface, 1876, To the Two-Volume Centennial Edition of L. of G. and “Two Rivulets”
Poetry To-Day in America—Shakspere—The Future
A Memorandum at a Venture
Death of Abraham Lincoln
Two Letters

III. Notes Left Over
Nationality—(and Yet)
Emerson’s Books, (the Shadows of Them)
Ventures, on an Old Theme
British Literature
Darwinism—(then Furthermore)
“Society”
The Tramp and Strike Questions
Democracy in the New World,
Foundation Stages—Then Others
General Suffrage, Elections, &c.
Who Gets the Plunder?
Friendship, (the Real Article)
Lacks and Wants Yet
Rulers Strictly out of the Masses
Monuments—The Past and Present
Little or Nothing New, after All
A Lincoln Reminiscence
Freedom
Book-Classes—America’s Literature
Our Real Culmination
An American Problem
The Last Collective Compaction

IV. Pieces in Early Youth
Dough-Face Song
Death in the School-Room (a Fact)
One Wicked Impulse!
The Last Loyalist
Wild Frank’s Return
The Boy Lover
The Child and the Profligate
Lingave’s Temptation
Little Jane
Dumb Kate
Talk to an Art-Union
Blood-Money
Wounded in the House of Friends
Sailing the Mississippi at Midnight

V. November Boughs
Our Eminent Visitors
The Bible as Poetry
Father Taylor (and Oratory)
The Spanish Element in Our Nationality
What Lurks Behind Shakspere’s Historical Plays?
A Thought on Shakspere
Robert Burns as Poet and Person
A Word about Tennyson
Slang in America
An Indian Bureau Reminiscence
Some Diary Notes at Random
Some War Memoranda
Five Thousand Poems
The Old Bowery
Notes to Late English Books
Abraham Lincoln
New Orleans in 1848
Small Memoranda
Last of the War Cases
Elias Hicks: Portrait in Old Age
Notes (Such as They Are) Founded on Elias Hicks
George Fox (and Shakspere)

Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Prose Works. 1892

III. Notes Left Over
4. British Literature

TO avoid mistake, I would say that I not only commend the study of this literature, but wish our sources of supply and comparison vastly enlarged. American students may well derive from all former lands—from forenoon Greece and Rome, down to the perturb’d medieval times, the Crusades, and so to Italy, the German intellect—all the other literatures, and all the newer ones—from witty and warlike France, and markedly, and in many ways, and at many different periods, from the enterprise and soul of the great Spanish race—bearing ourselves always courteous, always deferential, indebted beyond measure to the mother-world, to all its nations dead, as all its nations living—the offspring, this America of ours, the daughter, not by any means of the British isles exclusively, but of the continent, and all continents. Indeed, it is time we should realize and fully fructify those germs we also hold from Italy, France, Spain, especially in the best imaginative productions of those lands, which are, in many ways, loftier and subtler than the English, or British, and indispensable to complete our service, proportions, education, reminiscences, &c.… The British element these States hold, and have always held, enormously beyond its fit proportions. I have already spoken of Shakspere. He seems to me of astral genius, first class, entirely fit for feudalism. His contributions, especially to the literature of the passions, are immense, forever dear to humanity—and his name is always to be reverenced in America. But there is much in him ever offensive to democracy. He is not only the tally of feudalism, but I should say Shakspere is incarnated, uncompromising feudalism, in literature. Then one seems to detect something in him—I hardly know how to describe it—even amid the dazzle of his genius; and, in inferior manifestations, it is found in nearly all leading British authors. (Perhaps we will have to import the words Snob, Snobbish, &c., after all.) While of the great poems of Asian antiquity, the Indian epics, the book of Job, the Ionian Iliad, the unsurpassedly simple, loving, perfect idyls of the life and death of Christ, in the New Testament, (indeed Homer and the Biblical utterances intertwine familiarly with us, in the main,) and along down, of most of the characteristic, imaginative or romantic relics of the continent, as the Cid, Cervantes’ Don Quixote, &c., I should say they substantially adjust themselves to us, and, far off as they are, accord curiously with our bed and board to-day in New York, Washington, Canada, Ohio, Texas, California—and with our notions, both of seriousness and of fun, and our standards of heroism, manliness, and even the democratic requirements—those requirements are not only not fulfilled in the Shaksperean productions, but are insulted on every page.
1
I add that—while England is among the greatest of lands in political freedom, or the idea of it, and in stalwart personal character, &c.—the spirit of English literature is not great, at least is not greatest—and its products are no models for us. With the exception of Shakspere, there is no first-class genius in that literature—which, with a truly vast amount of value, and of artificial beauty, (largely from the classics,) is almost always material, sensual, not spiritual—almost always congests, makes plethoric, not frees, expands, dilates—is cold, anti-democratic, loves to be sluggish and stately, and shows much of that characteristic of vulgar persons, the dread of saying or doing something not at all improper in itself, but unconventional, and that may be laugh’d at. In its best, the sombre pervades it; it is moody, melancholy, and, to give it its due, expresses, in characters and plots, those qualities, in an unrival’d manner. Yet not as the black thunderstorms, and in great normal, crashing passions, of the Greek dramatists—clearing the air, refreshing afterward, bracing with power; but as in Hamlet, moping, sick, uncertain, and leaving ever after a secret taste for the blues, the morbid fascination, the luxury of wo.…
2
I strongly recommend all the young men and young women of the United States to whom it may be eligible, to overhaul the well-freighted fleets, the literatures of Italy, Spain, France, Germany, so full of those elements of freedom, self-possession, gay-heartedness, subtlety, dilation, needed in preparations for the future of the States. I only wish we could have really good translations. I rejoice at the feeling for Oriental researches and poetry, and hope it will go on.

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713708838.pdf - Search working notes melodrama sinhalese cinema wimal dissanayake
Rendering history through the Sinhala novel
English speakers, and measures taken by the Sinhalese gov- .... Notes. 1. De Silva, K.M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. London: Hurst and Com- pany. p. ... peraliya is a great work of literature, the first full-fledged. Sinhala novel. ...
IIAS_NL39_16.pdf - Search rendering history through sinhala novel
Notes on some oral aspects of pali literature
NOTES ON SOME ORAL ASPECTS OF PALI. LITERATURE 1. Knowledge in books [is like] money in someone else's hands: when you need it, it's not there. 2 ...
8120845236M31026.pdf - Search notes some oral aspects pali literature
SINHALA-NESS AND SINHALA NATIONALISM Michael Roberts
notes, “children of a lesser god” (1995: xxxv). .... English language (e.g. one was not allowed to speak Sinhala and Tamil in the ..... Godakumbura, C. E. 1955 Sinhalese Literature, Colombo: Colombo Apothecaries Co. ...
Sinhala-ness and Sinhala Nationalism.pdf - Search sinhala ness nationalism michael roberts
Morphological typology and the complexity of nominal morphology in ...
NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY IN SINHALA. The analysis presented here involves ... number marking patterns is common in Indo-Aryan languages, although Masica (1991) notes ... Noun Class Animate/Inanimate Singular Forms Plural Forms English Gloss ..... are the indices of synthesis and fusion, as mentioned in the literature ...
garland_vol17.pdf - Search morphological typology complexity nominal morphology
The Sinhala Literary Tradition: Polemics and Debate
literature. Popular poetry in Sinhala could belong to both the oral and written traditions, ... the acquisition of English skills, and no longer had any ..... Notes. 1. It must be noted that it was not India or the Tamils as a whde ...
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Manel Herat University of Leeds Ethakota don't say palayang ...
notes, one may think of baila as a sort of social antennae, sensitive to the moods and ..... this paper focuses only on baila songs with mainly English and Sinhala ... African Languages and Literature at the University of Pretoria, ...
Herat baila R.pdf - Search manel herat university leeds ethakota palayang
92 INTEGRATING LITERATURE INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING: A SRI ...
The secondary school curriculum in Sri Lanka includes introduction to literature of the mother tongue (Sinhala/Tamil) and English. ...
Neelakshe.pdf - Search integrating literature into foreign language teaching

Shakespeare Resource Center.

Welcome! Thank you for visiting the Shakespeare Resource Center. You'll find here collected links from all over the World Wide Web to help you find information on William Shakespeare. There are millions of pages that reference Shakespeare on the Internet. This site aims to make it a little easier to find your sources. You could also buy a book or something to further your learning experience and help support the site, but that's up to you.

The e-mail policy of the Shakespeare Resource Center is simple: the SRC will not provide answers to questions about homework, paper topics, interpretations, etc. The purpose of this site is to provide links to aid you in your online Shakespeare research; it's not meant to provide you a personal research assistant. But for the most burning questions, why not Ask the Bard?

Ye Olde Contents

Shakespeare's Biography

A brief biography of William Shakespeare, from his baptism to the inscription on his tomb at Holy Trinity in Stratford.

Shakespeare's Works

A summary overview of the four periods of Shakespeare's works, including links to online editions of the plays and Shakespearean criticism.

Shakespeare's Language

Links and a Shakespeare Resource Center guide to the Bard's English—including a searchable glossary. Also includes a Speech Analysis: Selected Readings section exclusive to the SRC.

Shakespeare's Will

Shakespeare's very own last will and testament, complete with stricken-out passages.

Authorship Debate

Who wrote the works of Shakespeare? Edward de Vere? Francis Bacon? Christopher Marlowe? Information about and links to the opposing points of view.

The Globe Theatre

A brief history of Shakespeare's Globe from its construction in 1598 to the New Globe, completed in 1996 in Southwark.

Elizabethan England

Because you have to understand England and the times in which Shakespeare lived to appreciate fully the literature.

SRC Features

An at-a-glance guide to all the original content compiled for the Shakespeare Resource Center.

Shakespearean Study

The most valuable online resources you'll find about Shakespeare (besides this site, of course).

Reading List

For further reading about Shakespeare, because most of the best research resources are still only available in print (something or the other about copyright law).

Theatre Companies

Links to selected theatre companies specializing in Shakespeare, because nothing beats seeing a play live.

Other Links

This is where all the Shakespearean links go that don't seem to fit anywhere else on the site.

Shakespeare's plays

Absolute Shakespeare, the essential resource for William Shakespeare's plays, sonnets, poems, quotes, biography and the legendary Globe Theatre.

William Shakespeare Shakespeare is renowned as the English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in history of English literature. Shakespeare Plays All the plays from 'All's Well That Ends Well' to 'Twelfth Night' in the complete original texts with summaries. Divided into comedies, histories and tragedies. Sonnets All of the Bard's 154 sonnets including the much acclaimed sonnet 18: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day..." Pictures Engraving of paintings of William Shakespeare and those inspired by his famous plays. Indexed by play and accompanied by the text inspiring the painting. Bard Facts Trivia about the world's most famous bard from words coined by the bard to his marriage. Biography Everything you would ever want to know about the immortal Bard's life and more. Authorship Debate The controversial debate on who really wrote the complete works continues to rages unabated to this very day. Quiz Test your knowledge of the bard by taking our gruelling quiz, answers included.

Summaries Shakespeare summaries provide a quick and easy guide to Shakespeare's most famous plays. Divided by act, the summaries make an ideal introduction. Poems The complete collection of the Bard's poetry in the original text including A lover's complaint and Venus and Adonis. Quotes Over 130 of the most famous quotes from the Bard's complete works indexed by play. Globe Theatre The story of how the Bard created one of the greatest theatres of all time, the playhouse is also where he first performed many of his greatest plays. Films The ultimate list of all film adaptations of the complete works, there are well over 250 movies to date. Bibliography The complete list of the plays, poems and sonnets attributed as written by the Bard. Timeline Describes the many chapters in the immortal Bard's colorful life from birth, his disappearance, marriage, his death and ending in the printing of the First Folio in 1623.

BooKs By William Shakespeare

1. Romeo and Juliet
   		William Shakespeare - 2001 - 500 pages DRAMATIS PERSON^.1 * Escalus, prince of Verona. Paris, a young nobleman, kinsman to the prince. ' l heads of two Houses at variance with each other. Capulet, ) Romeo, son to Montague. Mercutio, kinsman to the prince, and friend to Romeo ... books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Full view

2. Hamlet
   		William Shakespeare - 2001 - 500 pages From fourteen to sixteen years before the date of the first edition that has come down to us of this tragedy, allusions to a Play apparently bearing the same title, and containing the same plot, are to be found in contemporary ... books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Full view

3. A midsummer night's dream
   		William Shakespeare - 1992 - 80 pages Among the most popular of all Shakespeare's comedies, this play humorously celebrates the vagaries of love. books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Preview

4. Macbeth
   		William Shakespeare - 1993 - 96 pages In its concentration of interest upon the protagonists, Macbeth can be seen as Shakespeare's experiment in unity of focus, whose chief appeal arises from the struggles of the central characters with each other and with the infernal powers ... books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Preview

5. Othello
   		William Shakespeare - 1996 - 112 pages 'Othello' tells the story of a Moorish general in command of the armed forces of Venice, who earns the enmity of his ensign Iago by passing him over for a promotion. books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Preview

6. Julius Caesar
   		William Shakespeare, Roma Gill - 2002 - 128 pages SERIES EDITOR: ROMA GILLThe Oxford School Shakespeare is a well-established series which helps the reader to understand and enjoy Shakespeare's plays.Each play in the series contains the complete and unabridged text, together with a wide ... books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Preview

7. The Taming of the Shrew
   		William Shakespeare - 1997 - 96 pages Fast-paced dialogue and earthy humor contribute to the enduring popularity of this tale of a 16th-century battle of the sexes. Convenient size and low price make this unabridged edition perfect for students. books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Preview

8. Much ado about nothing
   		William Shakespeare - 1994 - 80 pages Set in a courtly world of masked revels and dances, this play turns on the archetypal story if a lady falsely accused of unfaithfulness, spurned by her bridegroom, and finally vindicated and reunited with him. books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Preview

9. King Lear
   		William Shakespeare - 2001 - 500 pages King Lear, one of Shakespeare's darkest and most savage plays, tells the story of the foolish and Job-like Lear, who divides his kingdom, as he does his affections, according to vanity and whim. books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Full view

10. Richard III
    		William Shakespeare - 1995 - 112 pages The final play in Shakespeare's masterly dramatization of the strife between the Houses of York and Lancaster, 'Richard III' offers a stunning portrait of an archvillain - a man of cunning and ruthless ambition who seduces, betrays and ... books.google.com.pk - Book overview - Preview

shakespeare

Home

shakespeare.com – also known as The Shakespeare Web – has returned to its original home, after an absence of several years.

It is undergoing a sea change, into something rich and strange.

Come back in a few weeks, months, years to see what surfaces.

What’s Popped Up So Far

• You can now register – and must, to post comments. Let Prospero know through comments what other things you’d like registered users to be able to do.
• Write Like Shakespeare
• Read the First Folio (Brut)
• Search Queries and Replies
• Shakespeare Poetry Machine
• Prospero’s Blog
• Remnants of the old shakespeare.com
• Pericles and the Jacobean Family Romance of Union

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If you are looking for enotes.com’s Shakespeare site – the most recent tenant of this domain – click here.

If you are looking for shakespeare.nowheres.com – where shakespeare.com preserved some fragments of itself while its domain was leased out – click here. Versions since 1996 are archived in the Wayback Machine, somewhat frayed around the edges.